![]() One branch of research has continued to focus on stimulation during sleep. 1 Observations that auditory stimuli evoke electroencephalographic (EEG) responses in a sleeping brain 1, 2 have fueled investigations of acoustic modulations of sleep. Since we are aware that we are less disconnected from the outside world during sleep than previously assumed, researchers are keen to find a bridge to the sleeping brain. This is the first review providing a summary of the broad spectrum of possibilities to acoustically influence sleep. This overview is not a systematic review but aims to present the current perspective and hence summarizes the most up-to-date research results and reviews. Finally, the possibilities for clinical and basic research-related applications are discussed, and emerging opportunities are presented. ![]() In addition to the deliberate influences of acoustic input on sleep, one paragraph describes adverse environmental acoustic influences. The same applies to conclusions drawn from other outcome dimensions, consideration of mediating factors, levels of stimulation processing and the impact of inter-individual differences. This recognizes the fact that not all outcome parameters are relevant in every research field. It highlights differences in subjective and objective outcome measures, immediate and whole night effects and short versus long term effects. It thereby focuses on the respective methodological requirements, advantages, disadvantages, potentials and difficulties of acoustic sleep modulation. This paper summarizes the various ways to use acoustic input before sleep or stimulation during sleep. With growing interest in the use of acoustic stimuli in sleep research and acoustic interventions used therapeutically for sleep enhancement, there is a need for an overview of the current lines of research.
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